Since this time, China has had a role in the dispute, often aligning with Pakistan. The state was awarded a special administrative status, affording it autonomy over internal administrative decisions. Over the years, the Jammu and Kashmir state government has increasingly aligned with the Indian central government.
Despite several United Nations Security Council meetings, no international solution has been agreed upon. The international community—including the United States, India and Pakistan—have supported a bilateral solution. Their objective is to change the international perspective of the dispute. Pakistan consistently supports radical Islamic militant groups in Kashmir that routinely attack Indian interests there.
In Afghanistan, Pakistan has articulated the desire for a peaceful solution but turns a blind-eye to terrorist groups seeking safe-haven in the tribal areas of Northwest Pakistan. Accordingly, it is difficult to accept Pakistan as a genuine partner for peace and good-faith negotiator in Kashmir. In , a comprehensive peace plan in Kashmir was agreed to until Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf intervened to stop it.
The ongoing dispute has prevented regional peace and stability, and the possibility of conflict is still high. As the Pakistan-Chinese alliance becomes stronger there is no guarantee that the status quo between Pakistan and India will survive. At the time, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which had a majority Muslim population, was governed by maharaja Hari Singh, a Hindu.
Unlike most of the princely states which aligned themselves with one nation or the other, Singh wanted independence for Kashmir. To avert pressure to join either new nation, the maharaja signed a standstill agreement with Pakistan that allowed citizens of Kashmir to continue trade and travel with the new country.
India did not sign a similar standstill agreement with the princely state. As partition-related violence raged across the two new nations , the government of Pakistan pressured Kashmir to join it.
Pro-Pakistani rebels, funded by Pakistan, took over much of western Kashmir, and in September , Pashtun tribesmen streamed over the border from Pakistan into Kashmir. Singh agreed and signed the Instrument of Accession , the document that aligned Kashmir with the Dominion of India, in October Kashmir was later given special status within the Indian constitution—a status which guaranteed that Kashmir would have independence over everything but communications, foreign affairs, and defense.
This special status was revoked by the Indian government in August The maharaja's fateful decision to align Kashmir with India ushered in decades of conflict in the contested region, including two wars and a longstanding insurgency.
All rights reserved. Editor's Note: This story has been updated to reflect the current political situation in Kashmir. Share Tweet Email. Why it's so hard to treat pain in infants. This wild African cat has adapted to life in a big city. Animals Wild Cities This wild African cat has adapted to life in a big city Caracals have learned to hunt around the urban edges of Cape Town, though the predator faces many threats, such as getting hit by cars.
India bets its energy future on solar—in ways both small and big. In , the Graham Commission , led by a U. Security Council that India and Pakistan agree to demilitarize in Kashmir and hold a referendum to decide the status of the territory. India rejected that plan, and both India and Pakistan disagreed on how many troops would remain along their border in Kashmir if they did demilitarize.
Another war broke out in In , India and Pakistan battled along the Line of Control in the Kargil district of Kashmir , leading the United States to intervene diplomatically, siding with India. Since then, official U. The latest U. The effort went nowhere. In , the Indian government abolished the law that gave Kashmir autonomous status and militarily occupied the territory.
At least , Indian troops are in Kashmir today. But India has held firm that Kashmir is part of India, under central government control, worsening already bad relations between India and Pakistan. That never happened, because the Pakistani military overthrew Ali Bogra in Several more Pakistani military regimes have interrupted Pakistani democracy since then.
India believes these non-democratic regimes lack credibility to negotiate with it. Terrorism is another critical factor making the Kashmir situation more complex.
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