The rules and procedures for this application can be found at www. The proposal should specify the conference and one or two possible alternatives. The award notice will state which event is deemed to have been approved. The scientific report must include a copy of the paper submitted and confirmation of its acceptance or presentation. The researcher is free to choose the event, and may indicate a number of possibilities when submitting the proposal.
Foreign language proficiency certificates are not required. The PI is responsible for assuring proper use of the funding. The month interval rule for attendance of foreign meetings or one meeting per year in Brazil does not apply to applications submitted in this format. Participation in more than one event may be specified in the grant after analysis of the complete proposal by the Scientific Director.
In this case the month interval rule will apply to applications for foreign travel allowances linked to grants and scholarships, and such allowances are not awarded in consecutive years counted from the date of return from the previous journey to the start of the new journey.
The name of the grantee need not be mentioned in the proposal but if the project is approved the SI must hold a publicly advertised selection procedure to select grantees by academic merit. Non-fundable items comprise salaries of all kinds, non-technical or occasional third-party services, civil works, acquisition of publications, travel except for field work and to deliver papers to scientific conferences , materials, and administrative services. The research project budget submitted to FAPESP must be detailed, and each item must be justified specifically in terms of the objectives of the proposed project.
In this case, the scholarship will cover living expenses during the period that exceeds one month, and Research Overhead must be used to pay travel expenses and living expenses for one month.
These limits can be viewed at www. The contributions made to funding by the parties involved in partnership projects vary according to the degree of innovation and technological risks of each proposal.
If the amount of counterpart funding presented by a company or host institution exceeds the budget stipulated in the Cooperation Agreement, the surplus is deemed to be a voluntary contribution and is the sole responsibility of the source entity. External counterpart funding may cover only necessary items directly linked to the objectives of the research project, especially:.
Proposals must include information on the funding to be allocated by the Host Institution for project execution. Counterpart contributions in human resources must take into account the cost of each member of the team in proportion to the number of hours devoted to the project.
The number of hours specified as a counterpart contribution must be compatible with item 10, b. Proposals must be submitted exclusively via SAGe. In addition, documents relating to the next item must be attached to each proposal, if applicable this item does not count as part of the page limit for research proposals :.
The initial proposal for each scholarship application must be accompanied by a Work Plan up to two pages long, including the title of the project, an abstract, and an outline of the plan. Additional documents required for analysis of the proposal:.
Three quotes do not attach pro forma invoices for each item of permanent material, domestic or imported, worth more than ten times the national minimum wage. Important: Quotes included in applications are valid only for the purpose of submission and analysis. New quotes must be obtained when actually purchasing material, as per the Financial Reporting Manual.
Oscilloscope, Tektronix, model ;. This requirement applies to all recipients of Research Overhead and PIs for grants and scholarships. Projects submitted to FAPESP do not necessarily have to involve existing intellectual property or presuppose the existence of technology that is ready to be transferred. Typically the technology will be developed jointly during execution of the project. In any event, however, researchers must complete the Form on Intellectual Property Associated with the Project.
If the project is approved, the innovation center will be involved in drafting the Cooperation Agreement mentioned in item The PI and Host Institution are responsible for applying for, obtaining and holding all permits and licenses etc. If the proposal is approved, the Grant Acceptance Agreement will contain a clause requiring the PI and Host Institution to hold such permits, licenses etc.
Important elements for this analysis include: a list of publications in journals with a selective editorial policy; books and book chapters; patents in which they figure as inventors; research results effectively transferred and adopted by companies or government; other relevant information.
Possibility of obtaining the technological innovation and its benefits for the partner company. These researchers issue merit reviews in their capacity as ad hoc advisors. The independence and objectivity of peer review is undeniably proportional to the reliability of this guarantee of confidentiality. They also undertake to keep the information in the case file completely confidential, and in particular their status as reviewer and the contents of their opinion.
More details can be found at: www. Their submission within the stipulated timeframe is essential to the release of the remaining portions of the funding awarded. Individual Summary Reports on Recipients of Technical Training Scholarships and reports on grantees funded by the company must contain the following items:. For cases submitted on paper and electronically via SAGe. If this document is missing, the report will not be accepted. Form for Submission of Scientific Reports on Grants properly completed and signed only for cases submitted on paper.
It becomes most efficient for production to be concentrated in a single firm. Natural monopolies arise because of economies of scale make it most efficient for a single company to provide a particular service.
Why do technological monopolies exist only for a limited time? Because patents expire or a competing technology comes along. A monopolist can raise the price of a product without worrying about the actions of competitors. In a perfectly competitive market, if a firm raises the price of its products, it will usually lose market share as buyers move to other sellers. A monopoly firm is a price-maker simply because the absence of competition from other firms frees the monopoly firm from having to adjust the prices it charges downward in response to the competition.
Absent that competitive atmosphere, a sole provider can set the price he or she wants. A price maker is an entity, such as a firm, with a monopoly that gives it the power to influence the price it charges as the good it produces does not have perfect substitutes. Ordibehesht 17, AP. Perfect competition is an ideal type of market structure where all producers and consumers have full and symmetric information, no transaction costs, where there are a large number of producers and consumers competing with one another.
Perfect competition is theoretically the opposite of a monopolistic market. A producer who has enough market power to influence prices. In economics, market power is the ability of a company to change the market price of goods or services. A firm with market power can raise prices without losing its customers to competitors.
A perfectly competitive firm is known as a price taker, because the pressure of competing firms forces them to accept the prevailing equilibrium price in the market. If a firm in a perfectly competitive market raises the price of its product by so much as a penny, it will lose all of its sales to competitors.
A price-taker is an individual or company that must accept prevailing prices in a market, lacking the market share to influence market price on its own. Market makers are in competition with one another and are constrained by the economic laws of the markets like supply and demand.
Airlines industry is considered to be the price maker and the airline firms are the price takers. The firms are very large in number and thus, have no proportionate share in the price decision making. It is not practically feasible to consider airlines as a perfectly competitive market.
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